Misanthropy in Gulliver’s Travels - Literature Essay Samples

Misanthropic undercurrents have often been detected in Gulliver’s Travels, usually unearthed and expounded in connection to the fourth book of the travelogue. Through Gulliver, the fourth book voices vehement misanthropy, with propounding the peaceful life of Houyhnhnms as an ideal model. Gulliver is the resident misanthrope, detesting corrupted human nature and desiring to live as a recluse. However, a close reading of the text provides us with a contradicting opinion, that of Swift’s. Though he seems to hate the follies and vices of mankind, he doesn’t abandon his fellow humans, rendering their cases hopeless. He denounces the incurable optimism of the Enlightenment and the overemphasis on Reason, but also attempts to regain the dignity and worth of humankind. Gulliver’s philosophical pessimism can perhaps be posited in contrast to Swift’s measured optimism, which however renders us at an ambiguous position. This essay will attempt to trace out th e streak of misanthropy evolving out of this ambiguity while figuring out the wider implications of it. Moreover, it has to be discussed as to whether the misanthropic characteristics can be attributed to both Gulliver and Swift, or just to Gulliver, manically misanthropic at the end. Misanthropy as a construct is the hatred of mankind, with a contempt for its corrupted nature and a complete distrust on anyone. There is voluntary and willing social alienation and a questioning of human existence since it reaps no voluble benefits than being detrimental to everyone. Contextually, it seems Gulliver is a misanthrope, living in Houyhnhnmland with the horses and the Yahoos and disgusted with corrupted human nature. It has degenerated beyond any recognition, in comparison with the Houyhnhnms’ ‘reasoned’ nature. Post his banishment from that land, he wishes to live as a recluse, away from the Yahoos and lead a blissful life similar to the Houyhnhnms. Even when he is saved by Don Pedro, who enables him to return to his family, Gulliver can think of everyone as only Yahoos, inherently evil and thus to be avoided. Years after his return to humanity, Gulliver still harbours vitriolic hatred for every Yahoo, quite evident from his letter to his publisher. He has willingly withdrawn from the human world, quite resolute never to mend the links severed. On the other hand, accusations of Swift as a misanthrope are usually grounded on Gulliver’s apparent misanthropy. Any such claim which judges both Gulliver’s and Swift’s opinions on human nature as the same is perhaps missing the nuances of the text. True, Gulliver is a misanthrope, which is quite evident from the fourth book. Subsequently, Swift’s reflections on humankind evolve out of Gulliver’s misanthropic antics, which hold a cautious optimism regarding their future. His satirical handling of Gulliver’s misanthropy is quite curious to decipher since it destabilises the earlier suggestion solution of Houyhnhnms as the ideal model. However, it has to be hypothesised as to whether Swift is anti-humanist, descrying the excess of incurable optimism, the maniacal zeal to discover and the misuse of Reason. For such excess has brought a deluge of problems upon man, due to incessant wars, dangerous inventions and the degraded human nature, as Gul liver proudly narrates to the king of Brobdingnag. Swift’s discourse, neatly enmeshed along with Gulliver’s misanthropic tirades isn’t merely any rational diatribe on the degenerated position of man; it envisages the scope of humankind to regain its honour and glory. Moreover, to trace out Swift’s outlook on human nature, it would be necessary to carefully analyse the gradual structuring of Gulliver’s misanthropy and figure out the ambiguities within. Any such analysis has to begin with the letter from Gulliver to his publisher. The letter, published along with the 1735 edition of Gulliver’s Travels, faithfully resonates Gulliver’s hatred for the Yahoos at the end of book four. There is a smooth generalisation of mankind, being disappointed with their endeavours and their very existence. Humans are always ruled by their vices and any ‘public good’ doesn’t even seem remotely possible. They can’t be corrected by any role models even if it be the glorious Houyhnhnms, or by worthwhile experiences. Gulliver seems to have willingly submitted to the horses and their supposedly superior ‘Reason’. Even his discourse is culturally alien, spoken in the language of Houyhnhnms. There is an indication of voluntary seclusion by the use of ‘your species’ to refer to humans. As the letter indicates, Gulliver seems to have given up any visionary scheme for correcting humankind’s follies and vices. Earlier, he had sought them to mend their natures by his travelogue’s voiced morals, if they were amenable to Reason.[1] He had graciously given them six months to reform but to no avail. Humankind seemed to be inherently corrupted, and his ambitious project of reforming Yahoos was perhaps absurd. Gulliver’s hatred for humans, even for his own family is quite evident by the letter’s tenor.[2] Moreover, such vehement misanthropy has to be traced out throughout the four books and how it culminates in the fourth book. Gulliver throughout his stay in Lilliput is in his best manner, emphasising his Englishness and a suave nature. The incongruity of his physical monstrosity and the Lilliputians’ dwarfness is posited in contrast to their respective actions. The Lilliputians, despite their contemptible size, aren’t afraid of Gulliver, as they hope to control him and use him to their benefit. It is comical to note how they issue restrictive conditions in return for Gulliver’s liberty and later, issue articles of treason against him. Interestingly, despite his physical superiority and imposing presence, Gulliver chooses to appease the Lilliputians, respecting the code of hospitality and pleasantly responding to their antics. He is kind to his tormentors and abides by the commands issued, however strange they might seem.[3] A streak of Atelophobia can perhaps be detected in Gulliver’s insistence of narrating every such incident with the Lilliputians. He is anxious to assimilate by learning their language and yet, he is also interested in teaching Lilliputians a thing or two to improve their life since they have ever lead a restrictive life. Moreover, though he critiques his country’s laws and attacks the court politics, it is by and large a protective Gulliver projected in the first book. The second book posits Gulliver as the victim, who is rational, yet incongruous to his size, according to the Brobdingnagians. They treat him as a puny toy, to be employed as a medium of entertainment, but nothing more. Gulliver is even dwarfish than the smallest dwarf, Splacknuck. Even good wit is surprising in such a diminutive animal as him. Gulliver is angry with the way he is being treated but gradually begins abdicating the responsibility of defending the disgrace to humans. The perspective on humans begins to degrade too, with animal imagery being introduced. At this juncture, Gulliver’s gaze is precise, reasoned and judgemental, forever looking at the monstrous natures of the Brobdingnagians. As a human, he is rendered inconsequential by the giants, but for him, it is a special position. He takes pride on his position and identity, for though the Brobdingnagians are good, that country isn’t as good as his home country is. Even here, Gulliver’s pride and n ostalgia and Swift’s condescending attitude towards him is quite evident. There is a gradual diminishing of Gulliver’s self-imposed importance, as the Brobdingnaggian women strip and examine him while the king laughs at his imagined heroic endeavours to protect himself against the monkeys. Even when faced by dangers physically monstrous for him, Gulliver seems to be living obliviously, in an illusory state. Though his minuscule state is made conspicuous, it seems as if Gulliver himself begins forgetting that, merely foregrounding his existence with much pride. His political conversations with the king end with a derogatory judgment on human nature. The king terms Gulliver and other humans as the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth. According to the king, the puny humans were inventing things that destroy everything, being decidedly against nature and entertaining inhuman ideas.[4] Mankind is thus subjected to numerous diseases which have made them crooks, being selfish and cru el. Gulliver is blinded by the pride for his kinsmen and so, terms the king as naà ¯ve, for having not gone beyond this land and lacking experience. The king has a limited perspective, and can’t appreciate what humankind has achieved. Subsequently, Gulliver attempts to glibly preserve the dignity of humankind, by stating many political and legal reasons. Interestingly, as he returns home post the second voyage, Gulliver terms it an ‘unfortunate voyage’. I wonder whether the voyage is unfortunate because it acts as a mirror for him, forcing him to reflect on the detrimental effects of man’s supposedly progressive activities. In the third book, Gulliver is reduced to an irrelevant entity, since almost everyone in Laputa and the other lands is engrossed in their own thoughts and inventions. The denizens are actively engaged with the abstract and the philosophical while Gulliver’s presence is hardly noticed. To engage more with the denizens, Gulliver has to explore the lands, looking at the academy of projectors with their absurd inventions and the magicians with access to ghosts. Gulliver gets to interact with ancient ghosts and ends up correcting certain historical facts and clarifying ancient philosophical ideas. Later, his interaction with the Struldbruggs is quite interesting, since it provides us with a discourse about man’s ambitions if he were immortal. It is curiously styled like a Renaissance discourse, with sky-high ambitions and faith in the competence of humankind. Of course, the response itself is satirical, denouncing man’s ambitions, terming them immature since they fail to take in any other consideration other than their own desire. Any discourse regarding misanthropy in Gulliver’s Travels is centred on the fourth book, which focuses on Gulliver’s cathartic voyage to Houyhnhnmland. Gulliver is astounded on observing the horses behave rationally and be the masters of the land. He is also desperate to hear some human voice upon his arrival since humans are necessary to bridle animals and train them, as the horses had been amicable trained. This is the last instance when we see the pompous, proud human whose travels been described in the last three books. Later, Gulliver’s nature completely changes as to obscuring his original identity. But more importantly, Gulliver harbours contempt and aversion for the Yahoos, who he would prefer to the natives. He treats Yahoos as cattle, and even focuses on a coherent description of their physical features. His interaction with the Houyhnhnms renders him contemptible about his own race, mostly propagated by his master’s reasoned discourses. Also, his hatred is closely linked to the presence of brutish Yahoos, who are near-men, with whom Gulliver is equated by the Houyhnhnms and by himself. The Houyhnhnms themselves are a perfected species, as their name suggests, since Houyhnhnm means ‘perfection of nature’. They are self-assured in most matters and live a perfect life, guided by supreme Reason. Why, for them, the faculty of Reason is absolute, for if it’s corrupted, as in humans, it isn’t Reason that the humans are endued with. Gulliver’s interaction with the Houyhnhnms highlights the excessively corrupted nature of humans. Plainly put, humans with their degenerated, irrational nature are incompetent of surviving in nature and they merely pretend to possess the faculty of Reason. It is of interest to note that Gulliver’s reservations of narrating every tale about his race vanishes in front of such firm condemnation by the Houyhnhnm master. He is quite eager to relate every event, every war and political problem with relish, and engage in discussions with his master. These discourses enable Gulliver to foster an intense hatred towards humans or Yahoos as he calls them. At this juncture, it is interesting to note that the Houyhnhnms term the Yahoos a degenerated race, selfish, lascivious, and cunning evil nature, which Gulliver readily accepts, to much mystique. His interaction with them is limited, but he readily accepts the subverted position with negligible questions. Subsequently, he is all ready to adapt to the Houyhnhnm way of life, endued with Reason and live there quite contented. But, he is unceremoniously banished to return to his kind, to which effect, he builds a boat to leave. Before he leaves, Gulliver stoops to kiss his master’s hoof, sensing which the master raises his hoof, that being counted as a rare honour by Gulliver. This incident among others has been noted for deliberately debasing the position of humankind to that of below an animal. Subsequently, as Gulliver returns to the human fold, he encounters Don Pedro, a ki nd captain who helps him reach Redcliff. However, for Gulliver, though he thinks of Pedro as having some human understanding is quite certain that every Yahoo is evil. Even after reaching home, he stubbornly refuses to interact with humans, terming them bestial creatures, unworthy of being in connection with. His voyages had him explore the varied facets of human nature, but in terms of vices and follies, everyone was the same, a Yahoo. Influenced by the Houyhnhnms’ restrictive idea of supreme Reason, Gulliver had slowly become a misanthrope, with harbouring hatred for humankind, and not willing to trust them anymore. Even years after his return, Gulliver prefers to live as a recluse, away from such evil creatures, as he mentions in the letter. However, Gulliver’s naà ¯ve misanthropy can hardly be understood as reflecting Swift’s perspective of human nature. It would be indeed comical if someone presumes the Houyhnhnms’ utopic world as the perfect solution to humankind’s debauched one. The Houyhnhnms are far from being perfect, being self-assured in most matters though it might be well outside their purview. The Houyhnhnm master isn’t experienced enough, having not visited any land other than his, but with just Gulliver’s narrative, he can surely discourse upon the defects. Even the sorrel-nag believes that there can’t be any island other than their own. The Houyhnhnms are quite assured of their own supremacy, for any defect in Gulliver would only ensure that the solution is to be found in the Houyhnhnm way of life. Swift has often been accused of projecting a forceful pessimism through Gulliver at the end. Such a view might be restrictive since it fails to take into consideration how Gulliver’s position is itself undermined in the last few chapters. As noticed, Swift doesn’t equate Gulliver with the Yahoos, it is Gulliver himself who constantly cements his resemblance with the Yahoos, gently prompted by the Houyhnhnm master. Moreover, his decision to stay and assimilate to the lifestyle of Houyhnhnmland post the discourses with his master is at once negated by his unceremonious banishment from the land. Swift portrays Houyhnhnmland as a rationalistic Utopia, with the horses living under the ambiguous umbrella of pure Reason. Their lifestyle is morbidly passive, being apparently governed by Reason and so, they live in a stoically calm environment.[5] However, it is remotely far from any rationalistic possibilities of life. Gulliver is deluded by their state and desires to rise above his human position and achieve such rational intelligence. However, Swift isn’t so emphatically raving about the perfect Houyhnhnm life. For him, it would be too simple a solution for too complex a problem. Reason, however efficient it might be, can’t solve every problem, nor can it sustain humankind forever. Swift’s formulation of the human is as partly Houyhnhnm and partly Yahoo. The Yahoo is what man, in using excessive Reason could become once his nature has degraded and become the irrational creature. Houyhnhnms represent the rational, yet incomplete part of humans, who can lead better lives due to measured deployment of Reason. Having misused Reason, humans are edging nearer to the Yahoos. Human nature is volatile and so humans have to choose how to temper their nature. In the same way, Gulliver identifies men with Yahoos and so turns misanthropic. He doesn’t want to be a Yahoo, so he will attempt to become a Houyhnhnm. Gulliver’s evaluation of human nature post his numerous experiences is flawed, since he adopts the Houyhnhnm way of life as the solution, refusing to accept the nature of mankind and blindly equating Yahoos to men. He turns misanthropic, hating and suspecting anything human, be it the odour of his wife or the kindness of Don Pedro. His view reson ates with that of his Houyhnhnm master, terming humans as lump(s) of deformity, with diseases both in mind and body (and) smitten with pride. As evident from the letter too, Gulliver has collapsed under the deluge of negativity, even refusing to recognise anything even remotely good. For him, even a good Yahoo like Don Pedro is a Yahoo and so inherently evil. Gulliver’s pride feeds on his misanthropy and he gradually alienates himself from every Yahoo. He has lost his sense of comprehension, with constricting both his mentality and his perspective. Swift attacks the debauched nature of man and the resulting detrimental effects, but he isn’t being philosophically pessimistic. He refuses to be tempted to accept the simplified solution of a Utopic Houyhnhnmland. It is quite possible for man to descend to the bestial, but ascending to the position of Houyhnhnms would be detrimental as well since it is restrictive. Moreover, Swift construes of humans as not animal rational, rationis capax.[6] Humankind is capable of reason, not inherently endued with it and so, can attempt to transcend its current position and aspire to be Houyhnhnms, atleast in theory. Swift’s satire is thus on the absurdity of human condition, which is often mistaken for a derogatory, misanthropic representation of human nature. He merely hates the vices and follies of human nature but doesn’t abandon them as Gulliver does. Throughout the text, he constantly undermines the humanist optimism of the Enlightenment, hugely governed by Reason and the idea of progress in relation to volatile human nature. Here, Gulliver is the resident misanthrope, overly atelophobic in the first two books and bordering on maniacal misanthropy by the time the fourth book ends. The narrative gradually moves on from mocking human grandeur and disillusionment with Science to an obscure disillusionment with humankind, beset with ambiguities. Gulliver, inspite of his experiences refuses to acknowledge the complexities of human nature, thus rendering his misanthropy ridiculously immature. It is for the reader to recognise the satirically delivered message, as to not be gullible Gulliver and give in to the temptation of not acknowledging the complexity of human nature, but accept and deal with it. Despite the deluge of philosophical pessimism, Swift perhaps desires us to attempt to look forward optimistically and to strengthen human nature from degenerating under its follies and vices and become the Yahoo in us. For both the Yahoo and the Houyhnhnm exist within us, but it depends on us what we choose. Human nature is debauched, but the cause is not lost, there is still time for remedy. Gulliver is the immature misanthrope, banking on the Houyhnhnms as the simple solution, but by undermining his position, Swift emerges as perhaps voicing measured but cautious optimism about the future of human nature. (3260 Words) Notes  ·Swift, Jonathan. Gullivers Travels. Ed. Robert DeMaria. London: Penguin, 2003. Print.  ·Horrell, Joseph. What Gulliver Knew. Swift: A Collection of Critical Essays. By Ernest Lee Tuveson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964. 55-70. Print.  ·Ross, John F. The Final Comedy of Lemuel Gulliver. Swift: A Collection of Critical Essays. By Ernest Lee Tuveson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964. 71-90. Print.  ·Monk, Samuel H. The Pride of Lemuel Gulliver. The Sewanee Review 63.1 (1955): 48-71. JSTOR. Web. 31 Mar. 2016. Footnotes [1] It is interesting to note that this attempt is itself a humanist endeavor, cohesively trying to reform humankind and correct its faulty nature.[2] He even blames humans like the publisher for having lured him to attempt reforming mankind, by publishing his travelogue.[3] This can even be likened to what the colonial master does, first befriending the natives and then later controlling them.[4] The king is aghast at Gulliver’s offer of teaching how to make and deploy gunpowder to his army.[5] Ross, John F. The Final Comedy of Lemuel Gulliver. Swift: A Collection of Critical Essays. By Ernest Lee Tuveson. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964. 71-90. Print.[6] http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/swift/letters/chap2.htm

How To Choose The Topic Of An Essay Using A Sample Of Digital Divide Essay Paper

The most effective method to Choose The Topic Of An Essay Using A Sample Of Digital Divide Essay PaperStudents are informed to go for an example with respect to computerized separate exposition paper. Not just it tends to be valuable in helping understudies in exposition composing yet in addition it will permit understudies to have a thought on what to expound on and on what they have to concentrate on in their essay.For understudies, the primary thing that they should think about while choosing an example of advanced separation article paper is the point. Since exposition papers are commonly composed dependent on a specific subject, the point for the article must be founded on their center region of intrigue. This implies understudies ought not sit around time on a point that doesn't legitimately identify with their subject. Accordingly, the subject of the exposition must be adequate to persuade the employees on the computer.Essay composing dependent on the topic is a significant ap titude for the individuals who might want to get into an expert profession as an article author. With the assistance of the example of advanced gap exposition paper, they can learn and pick up the information in making their articles exceptionally proficient. An understudy ought to likewise investigate the example of computerized isolate article paper with the goal that they can perceive how they can apply some fundamental guidelines recorded as a hard copy an essay.Besides, the themes remembered for the examples of advanced partition exposition paper are normally short regarding the time accessible for every point. Consequently, it would be simple for the understudies to recall and compose the themes in their own way. The short subjects would help them in doing the subject in an appropriate path and for they would not get occupied in completing the subject.Another significant point to note is that the themes are typically connected with the school subjects. Albeit a large portion o f the themes in the example of advanced partition exposition paper can be utilized for subjects other than the professional educations, it is still better for understudies to pick the points that they might want to remember for their article. All things considered, it is a significant piece of the proposal proclamation of the paper. It isn't fitting for an understudy to utilize points that they didn't acquainted with since they can get exhausting to the reader.Then, understudies can likewise think about one of the fundamental things recorded as a hard copy articles. By doing this, they can without much of a stretch compose great and expert papers. Moreover, they would have the option to have a thought on what to expound on in their exposition and furthermore they would not be compelled to utilize any unique words.The last yet not the least, understudies ought to likewise consider that the example of advanced separation article paper isn't great. It is consistently conceivable that t he example is as of now obsolete in its style and the class. It is in every case better for understudies to set aside the effort to experience and read a couple of times the example of advanced gap article paper before picking the topic.There are numerous focal points for the understudies who will exploit the example of computerized partition exposition paper. They ought to know about what to search for while choosing the point and by investigating the example of advanced partition exposition paper, they would now be able to concentrate regarding the matters that they need to expound on in their articles.

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<h1>Essay Samples on Adversity Are Helpful Writers</h1><p>Essay tests on difficulty are useful to journalists who may have been dismissed by their school confirmations official. In case you're a school candidate, this can be a troublesome period for you. It doesn't need to be. The correct guide or book can make the experience not so much upsetting but rather more rewarding.</p><p></p><p>Just about everybody has encountered some type of dismissal at once or another in their lives, regardless of whether it's from taking a vocation, going to class, or joining a private venture. Notwithstanding how they were dismissed, there is likely a piece of them that desires they had done things any other way. All things considered, it could have forestalled a great deal of grief. This is the reason paper tests on difficulty are so important.</p><p></p><p>When it comes to article tests on affliction, scholars need to realize how to ex pound on their own slip-ups. Without a doubt, it's alright to recognize past slip-ups, however now and then it's insufficient. You have to give instances of errors you made that brought about genuine results, rather than just speculation. For instance, on the off chance that you can utilize the models you provide for show why you settled on an inappropriate choice, at that point it makes the article stand out.</p><p></p><p>There are exposition tests on affliction that can assist you with this sort of composing. One great book is 'Compose Like a Winner: Take Your Writing To A New Level,' by Brad Templeton. This book gives you methodologies and procedures to improve your composition, and there are a lot of genuine instances of paper models on affliction you can use.</p><p></p><p>Another great book on article tests on misfortune is 'Boundless Power: How to Win the Love of the Female Mind,' by Susan Sher-Ammon. This book can assist you wit h winning the certainty of the lady you are keen on. You can likewise utilize the tips in this book to improve your own composition. By perusing this book, you will be outfitted with the apparatuses you have to get the most ideal opportunity to get your school application accepted.</p><p></p><p>You'll get tips on the most proficient method to prevail at business composing, how to sell items and administrations, and how to draw in young ladies and ladies. There are even tips on the most proficient method to locate the correct essayist for your task. As should be obvious, this book is anything but a normal school affirmations application style book, and it incorporates explicit procedures that apply to something beyond your school expositions. The procedures are demonstrated, and it contains thoughts that different authors can expand on, giving you surprisingly better results.</p><p></p><p>The data and strategies in these two superb book s on article tests on misfortune are anything but difficult to execute. That is on the grounds that these creators put their best thoughts before you. They are giving you answers for the difficult that made them compose these books, and they can assist you with composing similarly also if worse than before.</p><p></p><p>Remember that the motivation behind a school application is to get some answers concerning your past encounters. On the off chance that you've had a few terrible encounters throughout your life, you likely need to expound on those encounters. You can do this with expositions tests on adversity.</p>

AP Language and Composition Argument Essay Samples

AP Language and Composition Argument Essay SamplesIf you are a history major or even have an interest in writing, AP Language and Composition may be for you. You will find that all the common writing subjects are covered and this includes verb conjugation, tense, mood and inflection. You will be able to learn the different aspects of written English and become an expert writer.These courses will teach you about grammar and practice your oral skills. You will also take advanced writing assignments. This is a great way to go if you want to expand your career or simply want to improve your writing skills. It is quite expensive, so make sure you do your research before you sign up.These courses cost more because they include the cost of the teacher, but they are well worth it. They can help you learn how to write a better essay, use all the necessary grammar tools, and learn how to express yourself effectively. It is not just a short-term fix but a long-term plan that will pay off as you start getting serious work.Your final project will focus on what topic you would like to write about. The teacher will assign you AP Language and Composition Argument Essay Sample and you can use them as a guide. You will be able to see some examples and information about how to use the English language and grammar in order to write a quality essay. Many of the sample essays are very detailed, so if you don't have experience with writing it will be easy to follow the structure and to get started right away.As you learn to write a more polished piece of writing, your resume and portfolio will begin to stand out. You will also start to notice that you are receiving more interesting assignments. If you are going to be pursuing a career in journalism or advertising, then you will be able to help people understand the subject matter that they are interested in.The AP Language and Composition Argument Essay Sample will help you find an idea, get it on paper, and figure out how to present it. It will also help you feel confident about your writing abilities. Your college professor will recognize your abilities and you will have the confidence to push through with your plans for a future in the media or the education field.You may find that your speaking English has improved with these classes. You will be able to communicate better, learn to express yourself properly, and use proper grammar when communicating. This will be something that will help you throughout your life and make you more respected in the business world.As you use the AP Language and Composition Argument Essay Sample to start learning about writing, you will quickly see how the class is very effective. You will be able to figure out how to write a better essay, write with proper grammar, and express yourself better. It is a great, fun course that will help you grow as a writer and will prepare you for the industry you are going into. You can improve your English and if you can improve your writing abilities, you can impress the potential employers who read your resume.

Essay Writing on Crime in Nigeria

<h1>Essay Writing on Crime in Nigeria</h1><p>If you are an understudy who has never endeavored paper composing on wrongdoing in Nigeria, or on the off chance that you have never been so far into the issue of wrongdoing in Nigeria, this is the ideal time to begin. Here, you will discover tips that will assist you with getting ready for your article on wrongdoing in Nigeria.</p><p></p><p>Crime in Nigeria is in the news like never before nowadays and it is a subject that is continually creating a great deal of conversation. In the event that you are composing a paper about wrongdoing in Nigeria, you should realize how to compose an exposition on wrongdoing in Nigeria. Above all else, you have to know the essential meanings of wrongdoing in Nigeria and how it is characterized in various pieces of the nation. You likewise need to know the distinction between 'innocent'guilty.'</p><p></p><p>In the past, Nigerian lawbreakers were constantly delegated 'honest' on the grounds that they were 'liable' of various violations. Be that as it may, these days, the circumstance has changed. The survivors of wrongdoing in Nigeria (crooks and non-hoodlums the same) are currently accused of a wrongdoing whether or not or not they have really perpetrated a crime.</p><p></p><p>It has been seen that the casualties of wrongdoing in Nigeria are being accused of violations regardless of whether they don't have direct connects to the wrongdoing. The way toward charging a blameless survivor of wrongdoing is called Prapa klase. It is a law that was executed by President Goodluck Jonathan in the principal long stretches of his organization. The casualties of wrongdoing in Nigeria are regularly dishonestly accused of violations so they can't go on with their ordinary lives.</p><p></p><p>Essay composing on wrongdoing in Nigeria includes various issues. One of the serious issues you will confront is picking the correct words that you use in your article. Your exposition could be loaded with negative-looking words. Fortunately there are various exposition composing on wrongdoing in Nigeria scholars who have done their exploration and comprehend the term 'blameless' just as the terms 'guilty'non-guilty'.</p><p></p><p>You ought to likewise ensure that your paper is written such that is as powerful as could reasonably be expected. You have to pressure the different parts of wrongdoing in Nigeria, the job of the state in managing wrongdoing, and different violations that are in progress or as of now in progress. The contention ought to have the option to pass on to the peruser why the person in question ought to accept your essay.</p><p></p><p>You additionally need to utilize the title of your paper so that it makes interest in your topic. It is significant that your title isn't just infectious yet in addition strikin g with the goal that it attracts the consideration of the peruser's consideration a novel way.</p><p></p><p>Finally, remember to deliver your exposition to the target group. You have to ensure that you address the intended interest group in a way that can urge the crowd to open up the volume to find out about the specific point. Something else, the exposition won't accomplish its motivation of getting read.</p>

Poetry Essay Topics - Make Them Interesting

<h1>Poetry Essay Topics - Make Them Interesting</h1><p>Writing a verse exposition point is simple, when you see how. We ought to get in a mentality to expound on what we need. The primary thought is to make it consider what you need, yet to make it real.</p><p></p><p>You can compose an article theme in the principle key purposes of your sonnet. To compose from that point will make you open up to more thoughts. At the point when you have a lot of thoughts, you have more to look over when composing the remainder of the essay.</p><p></p><p>You must beginning with a significant bit of material to get your considerations and recollections into request. In the event that you don't know what to expound on, you can pick an extraordinary piece of an individual, a second or a story. Let the words stream to the point you need to go, yet recollect not to overlook the emotions that get through the words and poems.</p><p> ;</p><p>Once you have the principle stuff recorded, you can move to the sonnets themselves. Make a point to isolate the more conventional sonnets from the more light and casual ones.</p><p></p><p>Every sonnet has its own article theme, yet remember they ought to be identified with each other. Regardless of whether you need to concentrate on the intensity of one individual or you need to talk about a nation's kin, you will locate an incredible spot to begin by picking one topic.</p><p></p><p>Many sonnets will concentrate on a specific character and subject, while others will address a few. You may locate an extraordinary use for a sonnet that will make you talk about how an individual felt when the individual composed it.</p><p></p><p>Some expositions themes don't generally have a lot to do with verse. There are a couple, yet some are increasingly genuine and dive into brain science. Regardless of wha t theme you choose to expound on, recollect it will all be your thought and opinions.</p>

How to Write a Sociology Essay by Yourself

<h1>How to Write a Sociology Essay by Yourself</h1><p>It's difficult to accept, yet help composing a humanism exposition is a reality for some individuals. They may have taken in an expertise in secondary school, yet the craving to utilize that ability in school can make them plunk down and get some training in before their school courses begin.</p><p></p><p>If you are somebody who has concentrated with one of the sociology significant classes, you may realize that composing a paper isn't the least demanding activity. You may likewise realize that it is smarter to catch up on your aptitudes, on the off chance that you might want to be effective when you compose. The most ideal approach to doing this is by getting some help, and this can regularly come as a mentor, or online help.</p><p></p><p>Online help is an exceptionally supportive resource for understudies, and it permits them to remain centered while they work. A guide can get you out with your composition, and it permits you to work with other people who have further developed composing aptitudes. You will have the option to talk about the focuses you wish to make in your paper, and see the improvement that you have made up until now. This is an incredible method to get comfortable with your composing abilities, just as the scholastic composing that you have to accomplish for your human science class.</p><p></p><p>One of the manners in which that help composing a human science paper is offered, is through a college inquire about award, which gives grant cash to individuals who are happy to invest a little energy examining. This cash will cover educational cost as well as the expense of purchasing course books, and other fundamental supplies. It's much simpler to pay for the necessities of the school with some additional cash than it is to raise it, when you can't get your hands on any money.</p><p></p& gt;<p>Help composing a human science paper is accessible to anybody, and this is an extraordinary open door for the individuals who need to improve their insight and aptitudes, yet don't have any cash to save. You will have the option to go to classes and workshops, or even buy a book that will give you all that you need. Keep in mind, help composing a human science article isn't a possibility for everybody. Indeed, even the individuals who are needing grants have the chance of accepting a guide, and getting some extra practice.</p><p></p><p>If you're keen on helping other people, think about utilizing the individual's name as your title, so you are giving them the assistance that they need. While it might appear to be somewhat abnormal, it can assist you with turning into somewhat more alright with your composing aptitudes, and it very well may be useful to your schoolmates when they read your paper. You may find this may change your composing style la ter on, in the event that you would prefer not to utilize your complete name in the papers you write.</p><p></p><p>Help composing a humanism exposition can be a compensating experience, particularly on the off chance that you are attempting to endure school. This is one of the most significant subjects, and there are a great deal of experts that will love to assist you with the paper. Fortunately these experts are eager to help, as long as you are happy to work with them.</p><p></p><p>If you feel that you need some assistance, you should exploit the assets that are accessible. You can get a wide range of help, contingent upon what you need, and who you are conversing with. Getting some assistance can assist you with concentrating on the abilities that you have to learn, just as make you increasingly sure about your composing skills.</p>

What Is An Autobiographical Essay Sample?

<h1>What Is An Autobiographical Essay Sample?</h1><p>There are various things to search for when attempting to recognize the contrasts among self-portrayal and self-portraying expositions. Despite the fact that the two frequently go connected at the hip, there are some huge contrasts that make each unmistakable. These paper tests can assist you with deciding whether you have to compose your own journal or if a conventional exposition will suffice.</p><p></p><p>An personal article is ordinarily longer than a self-portrayal. Indeed, it can without much of a stretch be somewhere in the range of 50 and 100 pages in length. The length can rely upon the subject of the piece. In the event that the subject of the piece relates to a specific second in an individual's life, an article may require more length.</p><p></p><p>Many self-portraying exposition tests additionally incorporate individual meetings. The meetings in the arti cle permit the writer to talk legitimately to the peruser about specific occasions and feelings. It is frequently less formal than the more proper exposition structures. Meetings give a progressively close to home, genuine glance at life, which is frequently ailing in longer entries.</p><p></p><p>In expansion to interviews, an exposition which utilizes logical realities or guides to outline focuses can make it unique in relation to an ordinary paper. Science expositions are frequently shorter than general article passages. They may likewise not generally be required as logical realities could include thoughts that may be controversial.</p><p></p><p>Does an increasingly close to home paper imply that the article will have more words? At times, yes. Be that as it may, in different cases, the exposition will require more data and in this way more words, yet it will be longer and will address more issues.</p><p></p><p& gt;If you are composing a great paper or a customary article, the subject or motivation behind the exposition is very comparative. The most significant distinction originates from the medium wherein you decide to communicate. Notwithstanding conventional exposition structures, you may likewise decide to compose a memoir.</p><p></p><p>If you need to go the more close to home course, there are various subjects that can make your article one of a kind. Regularly, the very reality that it is a diary makes it unique. This is particularly obvious if the journal is about a specific occasion in somebody's life that made it much more personal.</p><p></p><p>Whatever structure you decide to compose your diary, do-it-without anyone's help paper, or great article, make sure to tune in to what your own feelings and convictions may be, before you start composing. Try not to stress over copyright infringement if the article is your initial one. Simply set aside the effort to discover the emotions you have to express.</p>

A Look At The UVA Essay on Frankenstein College

A Look At The UVA Essay on Frankenstein CollegeThe UVA Essay on Frankenstein College has been among the favorites for college students who wish to take up this course and have it for their core college subjects. This is especially the case for some online students who think that because they are enrolled in an online college, they are not going to have a difficult time with this course.The Frankenstein Essay course consists of several books and lectures as well as the online components that would allow you to gain the skills needed to complete the course successfully. Some of the materials that you will need include textbooks, homework, the quizzes and essay of the course, and some actual college courses required to earn your degree. Since it is an online course, there are no lectures that will really help you in completing the course successfully.While there are some other lectures that are presented in the UVA college, they are rather short and don't actually go in depth with the c ourse material. Even so, it does seem that they are just average. The actual lessons in the UVA Essay on Frankenstein College are given in the form of chapters in the text book and they are quite interesting because they are based on what you need to do in the course.In a way, the UVA Essay on Frankenstein College is just like many other college classes that you will find at most colleges. You will find that there are classes that you just need to complete for this college as well as other lessons that may be helpful for you in completing the college.On the other hand, some of the lessons are just basic and do not offer anything beyond just what you have to do in the course. There are certain courses that even you can expect you to finish completely. Some of these courses would also have a subject or two that you will need to do but since it is an online course, it is not as serious as in aregular college class.The essays that you have to write in this course are the ones that actua lly ask you to do well in the course material and there are a few to choose from. If you think that you will want to get to the bottom of your essays, you may find that there are some tips that you can use to increase your chances for an easy essay.Most students who enroll in the UVA Essay on Frankenstein College have a hard time with the course because it is really hard to just write a good essay on a topic that you have no prior knowledge. For this reason, you may need to hire a ghost writer to help you with this. You can find one of these authors in many online search engines, where they specialize in writing essays for online students.

Characteristics of Essay Topics for Fce

Characteristics of Essay Topics for Fce Ruthless Essay Topics for Fce Strategies Exploited Schools should cut art and music from the curriculum so that children can concentrate on useful subjects like information technology. As always, it needs to be modified to fulfill the particular needs of your students. There are particular teachers for each students and it's the student's job to find out which sort of teacher can be used with their way of learning. Also focus on helping they avoid issues such as going off-topic or waffling, both elements that can cause them to lose points in their responses. Fortunately, there's a plan which works and I will share it with you. The second point we have to consider is that which we have to write about. The situations you write have to be relevant for what you've been requested to write. When you are requested to opt for a great topic for your argument, start with something you're acquainted with. Essay Topics for Fce for Dummies To wr ite a terrific argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, allowing them to make an educated stance. Generally, this kind of essay includes an introduction, a couple of body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Get in touch with us now to acquire expert essay writing help! Thus, let's look at essays, how they're organised and what exactly you've got to be cautious with to be able to pass easily and receive the high marks you have earned. Although it can be used to go over a controversial issue, it might not be utilized to express the writer's opinion about that situation. However, in reality, a lot is dependent on the argumentative essay topic you select. The last area of the task includes a question that the essay MUST answer. Above there's a regular essay task. Top Choices of Essay Topics for Fce Finding the most suitable arguments will allow you to prove your point and win. Since you may see, you need to develop the third notion, something on the topic which isn't provided in the exam task. The duration of the essay and the intricacy of the question vary based on the exam, but the basic skills are the exact same. The very first sentences states what the issue is. It is crucial to compose the text in a logical way, it must be simple to read and understand. In reality, essay writing may be the simplest type of writing in Cambridge B2 First because there's a plan which you can stick to each and every time you sit down with pen and paper to practise together with in the exam itself. You should stick to a very clear structure with a very good flow. Normally, it's the most significant sentence in the whole essay, as it sets forth the direction for the remainder of the paper. The quantity of points from a maximum of 20 that a bit of writing receives, is dependent on four principal things. This recipe is easily doubled and tastes equally as good reheated the following day. Example answers at the base of the webpage. Write your solution in words in a suitable style on the individual answer sheet. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Essay Topics for Fce Care for your essay like a home improvement project and earn a plan before you begin writing. For instance, it could be employed to inform readers about an item, a process, an individual, or a function. Other say they are destroying our capacity to spell and write properly. Thirdly, it's a chance to demonstrate your array of vocabulary and your capacity to manipulate sentence constructions. Firstly, we have to examine the expense of learning a language. English language classes usually expect a lot of writing. Secondly, it enables you to focus. After continuous practice, writing and utilizing the appropriate terms according to the right register will end up automatic. 6 The Art of Paraphrasing Examiners are attempting to differentiate the decent students from the excellent ones and the writing section is generally the section that will make it possible for them to achieve that. For a student to take part in the western world of academics, it's essential they know the fundamentals of the 5-paragraph essay. Consider the style and tone of the language you're going to use. The Battle Over Essay Topics for Fce and How to Win It Unfortunately, you can't avoid meeting unpleasant individuals in your life. It will be something which people have various opinions about. A whole lot of young men and women are opting to live at home when studying at university. Go over these two views and provide your opinion.

Domestic Violence The Wheel of Power and Control

Domestic Violence: The Wheel of Power and Control â€Å"Only approximately one-quarter of all physical assaults, one-fifth of all rapes, and one-half of all stalkings perpetuated against females by intimate partners are reported to the police† (Tjaden). How does this happen? Anyone who sees this statistic is firstly appalled, and secondly unable to comprehend how such blatant abuse occurs without reprimand. And furthermore, someone who has studied sexuality would look at this statistic and wonder about how many men or transgender people are affected by physical assaults, rapes, and stalkings. But regardless of your response to this statistic, there is one thing that we all can agree on: domestic violence must stop now. And for us to move†¦show more content†¦It can include not allowing one partner to access bank accounts or make financial decisions and forcing one partner to constantly ask for money. But as simple as it may sound, economic abuse can be extremely abrasive to one’s relationship. It takes a mental toll on a partner if they are constantly worrying about getting money and if the partnership is in a sound financial state. It also acts a form of intimidation for one partner to feel as if they are worthless because they have no money. This sort of abuse has an extreme effect on working-class and impoverished women (Schechter). Because these women are already underprivileged and poor, they rely even more on their partner for support. They often struggle to support themselves financially, and if their partner makes this disadvantage even more extreme, they are likely to go into debt. So now, they are a domestic violence victim who owes people money; not a situation that often leads to success. Emotional abuse also limits the chance of one’s success. It can include telling your partner that they are going crazy, or saying they re a disgrace to their sex. Basically, emotional abuse is insulting your partner verbally to give them some feeling of worthlessness. And while this type of abuse may seem less debilitating than direct physical abuse or economic abuse, it still has a horrible effect on the victim. It leads to lack of self-confidence, andShow MoreRelatedFeminist Movement : Ellen Pence1520 Words   |  7 Pagesto the movement to end violence against women and children (Edleson, 2010). Contributions At first, Ellen was involved with housing, antiwar, civil rights, and the feminist movement during her adolescents (Bradkin, 2016). Learning about the struggles and injustices women and children from the Minnesota Housing Authority encountered, is what motivated Ellen to become a part of the domestic violence movement (Bradkin, 2016). She became involved with the domestic violence movement in the 1970’sRead MoreDomestic Violence Intervention Project : Ellen Pence1543 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Ellen Pence, also known as the â€Å"mother of domestic violence intervention† and â€Å"rockstar of the battered women’s movement† was a social activist for battered women, helped build the foundation of batterer programming with the Duluth model (also known as the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project (DAIP)), which assisted in connecting the concerns of criminal justice officials and advocates by developing a â€Å"Power and Control Wheel† (Gondolf, 2010, p. 992). She also created the CoordinatedRead MoreDomestic Violence As A Victim Of Domestic Abuse1686 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Although we lost Ellen Pence, a woman who changed how domestic violence is addressed, in 2012, there are many lives that are being saved to this day because of her work. Ellen Pence found her calling in 1977 when she began working for the Minneapolis Housing Authority that helped individuals relocate with housing complications (StarTribune, 2010). It was then that she immersed herself through domestic violence cases and set the standard for addressing these cases. Ellen Pence isRead MoreDomestic Violence And Public Violence Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion people in the United States are affected by domestic violence. There are 8.8 million children who will witness domestic violence. Half of all victims of domestic violence will also experience the unimaginable pain of their child/children being abused alongside them. The fact is, domestic violence will affect or touch every person in their lifetime (Pence McMahon, 1999). There are many ground-breaking advocates of reducing domestic violence, though one stands out above the others. EllenRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Women1362 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence is a sensitive topic even though media and society are providing more information about this topic. Domestic violence not only affects women but children and family in general. This issue is a very sensitive topic and not a lot of individuals are comfortable talking about it or sharing if they have either experience or have someone in their lives that had been subjected to abuse. Sadly, domestic violence is experienced by many people and it does not matter what race, gender, socialRead MoreOne in Three Women1116 Words   |  5 Pages One in three women in their lifetime will be experience domestic violence (ncadv.org). Statistically, if a child was brought up in a home with domestic violence, she is more likely to be in an abusive relationship later in life. The definition for abuse and criminal conviction is touching another person in a rude, insolent or angry manner under the Wyoming Statute 6-2-501 of Assault and Battery. The cycle of life to some women consists of abuse which involves more than just a daily beating.Read MoreDomestic Violence Abuse And Its Effects852 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence abuse can be observed in a relationship where there are levels of psychological, sexual, emotional, and financial and manipulation. In the â€Å"I am Not Your Victim† book we could identify several components of the Power and Control Wheel. One of the components of the domestic violence abuse is the use of financial or economical abuse. This concept states that a perpetrator of violence will utili ze manipulation of the target victim in order to restrict his or her from working. In additionRead MoreWorking With Groups Of Domestic Violence Essay803 Words   |  4 PagesThis journal article will discuss group work in the beginning phase and will discuss working with groups of domestic violence with adults, teenagers and dating violence, and children and domestic violence groups. The case examples will discuss the tasks and skills necessary in the beginning phase such as establishing a contract, cultivating group cohesion, and shaping norms of participation. In addition, the required knowledge will be discussed for the beginning phase which include, understandingRead MoreThe Signs Of An Abusive Relationship872 Words   |  4 Pagesthe victim for the abuse, humiliation in public, destroying possessions, and checking for proof of suspected infidelity. Often psychological abuse is categorized in its own category because abusers don’t have to voice punishment, intimidation, and control. c. The third is physical abuse, which includes restraining or holding a victim down, choking, and denying access to medical treatment. 2. Patterns of abuse involve three stages: the honeymoon phase, tension building phases and the explosion phaseRead MoreEmotional And Emotional Domestic Violence993 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Domestic Violence Eric Easter American Military University â€Æ' Emotional Domestic Violence Abstract Emotional abuse includes non-physical behaviors like threats, insults, constant observance or checking in,† excessive texting, humiliation, intimidation, isolation or stalking. Several program define emotional domestic violence from verbal to physical abuse. The discovery we tend to created is that the key to a successful outcome with abusive relationships is recognizing the psychopathology

Lyme disease Essay Thesis Example For Students

Lyme disease Essay Thesis In the early 1970s, a mysterious clustering of arthritis occurred among children in Lyme, Connecticut, and surrounding towns. Medical researchers soon recognized the illness as a distinct disease, which they called Lyme disease. They subsequently described the clinical features of Lyme disease, established the usefulness of antibiotic therapy in its treatment, identified the deer tick as the key to its spread, and isolated the bacterium that caused it. Lyme disease is still mistaken for other diseases, and it continues to pose many other challenges: it can be difficult to diagnose because of the inadequacies of todays laboratory tests; it can be troublesome to treat in its later phases; and its prevention through the development of an effective vaccine is hampered by the elusive nature of the bacterium. Lyme disease was first recognized in 1975 after researchers investigated why unusually large numbers of children were being diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in Lyme and tw o neighboring towns. The investigators discovered that most of the affected children lived near wooded areas likely to harbor ticks. They also found that the childrens first symptoms typically started in the summer months coinciding with the height of the tick season. Several of the patients interviewed reported having a skin rash just before developing their arthritis, and many also recalled being bitten by a tick at the rash site. Further investigations resulted in the discovery that tiny deer ticks infected with a spiral-shaped bacterium or spirochete (which was later named Borrelia burgdorferi) were responsible for the outbreak of arthritis in Lyme. In Europe, a skin rash similar to that of Lyme disease had been described in medical literature dating back to the turn of the century. Lyme disease may have spread from Europe to the United States in the early 1900s but only recently became common enough to be detected. The ticks most commonly infected with B. burgdorferi usually fe ed and mate on deer during part of their life cycle. The recent resurgence of the deer population in the northeast and the influx of suburban developments into rural areas where deer ticks are commonly found have probably contributed to the diseases rising commonness. The number of reported cases of Lyme disease, as well as the number of geographic areas, in which it is found, has been increasing. Lyme disease has been reported in nearly all states in this country, although most cases are concentrated in the coastal northeast, Mid-Atlantic States, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and northern California. Lyme disease is endemic in large areas of Asia and Europe. Recent reports suggest that it is present in South America, too. Ticks that Most Commonly Transmit B. burgdorferi in the U.S. (These ticks are all quite similar in appearance.)Ixodes dammini -most common in the northeast and midwest Ixodes scapularis -found in south and southeast Ixodes pacificus -found on west coast Erythema Migrans. In most people, the first symptom of Lyme disease is a red rash known as erythema migrans (EM). The telltale rash starts as a small red spot that expands over a period of days or weeks, forming a circular, triangular, or oval shaped rash. Sometimes the rash resembles a bulls eye because it appears as a red ring surrounding a central clear area. The rash, which can range in size from that of a dime to the entire width of a persons back, appears within a few weeks of a tick bite and usually occurs at the site of a bite. As infection spreads, several rashes can appear at different sites on the body. Erythema migrans is often accompanied by symptoms such as fever, headache, stiff neck, body aches, and fatigue. Although these flu-like symptoms may resemble those of common viral inf ections, Lyme disease symptoms tend to persist or may occur intermittently. After several months of being infected by B. burgdorferi, slightly more than half of those people not treated with antibiotics develop recurrent attacks of painful and swollen joints that last a few days to a few months. The arthritis can shift from one joint to another; the knee is most commonly affected. About 10 to 20 percent of untreated patients will go on to develop chronic arthritis. Lyme disease can also affect the nervous system, causing symptoms such as stiff neck and severe headache (meningitis), temporary paralysis of facial muscles (Bells palsy), numbness, pain or weakness in the limbs, or poor motor coordination. More subtle changes such as memory loss, difficulty with concentration and a change in mood or sleeping habits have also been associated with Lyme disease. Nervous system abnormalities usually develop several weeks, months, or even years following an untreated infection. These symptoms often last for weeks or months and may recur. Heart Problems. Fewer than one out of ten Lyme disease patients develops heart problems, such as an irregular heartbeat, which can be signaled by dizziness or shortness of breath. These symptoms rarely last more than a few days or weeks. Such heart abnormalities generally surface several weeks after infection. Less commonly, Lyme disease can result in eye inflammation, hepatitis, and severe fatigue, although none of these problems is likely to appear without other Lyme disease symptoms being present. Lyme disease may be difficult to diagnose because many of its symptoms mimic those of other disorders. In addition, the only distinctive hallmark unique to Lyme disease-the erythema migrans rash-is absent in at least one-fourth of the people who become infected. Although a tick bite is an important clue for diagnosis, many patients cannot recall having been bitten recently by a tick. This is not surprising because the tick is tiny, and a ti ck bite is usually painless. When a patient with possible Lyme disease symptoms does not develop the distinctive rash, a physician will rely on a detailed medical history and a careful physical examination for essential clues to diagnosis, with laboratory tests playing a supportive role. Unfortunately, the Lyme disease microbe itself is difficult to isolate or culture from body tissues or fluids. Most physicians look for evidence of antibodies against B. burgdorferi in the blood to confirm the bacteriums role as the cause of a patients symptoms. Some patients experiencing nervous system symptoms may also undergo a spinal tap. Through this procedure doctors can detect brain and spinal cord inflammation and can look for antibodies in the spinal fluid. The inadequacies of the currently available antibody tests may prevent them from firmly establishing whether the Lyme disease bacterium is causing a patients symptoms. In the first few weeks following infection, antibody tests are not re liable because a patients immune system has not produced enough antibodies to be detected. Antibiotics given to a patient early during infection may also prevent antibodies from reaching detectable levels, even though the Lyme disease bacterium is the cause of the patients symptoms. Because some tests cannot distinguish Lyme disease antibodies from antibodies to similar organisms, patients may test positive for Lyme disease when their symptoms actually stem from other bacterial infections. A lack of standardization of antibody tests and poor quality control also contribute to inaccuracies in test results. Due to these pitfalls, physicians must rely on their clinical judgment in diagnosing someone with Lyme disease even though the patient does not have the distinctive erythema migrans rash. Such a diagnosis would be based on the history of a tick bite, the patients symptoms, a thorough ruling out of other diseases that might cause those symptoms, and other implicating evidence. This evidence could include such factors as an initial appearance of symptoms during the summer months when tick bites are most likely to occur, outdoor exposure in an area where Lyme disease is common, and a clustering of Lyme disease symptoms among family members. To improve the accuracy of Lyme disease diagnosis, NIH supported researchers are developing a number of new tests that promise to be more reliable than currently available procedures. Some of these detect distinctive protein fragments of the Lyme disease bacterium in fluid samples. NIH scientists are developing tests that use the highly sensitive genetic engineering technique, known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to detect extremely small quantities of the genetic material of the Lyme disease bacterium in body tissues and fluids. Several new methods to detect infection are under development in NIH laboratories. Scientists have isolated a protein of B. burgdorferi, called p39, that reacts strongly on blood tests. The pres ence of antibodies to this protein was found to be a strong indicator of the presence of B. burgdorferi. Although further research will be needed to determine how soon after infection it can detect the bacterium, p39 may prove to be an ideal test for Lyme disease. A somewhat different approach is the use of an assay based on two closely related spirochetal proteins that are not found in other species of bacterial spirochetes. This assay differs from blood tests now in use because it detects products of the spirochete itself rather than detecting human antibodies to the bacterium. Most Common Symptoms of Lyme Disease (One or more may be present at different times during infection) Early Infection:Rash (erythema migrans) Muscle and joint aches Headache Stiff neck Significant fatigue Fever Facial paralysis (Bells palsy) Meningitis Brief episodes of joint pain and swelling Less common:Eye problems such as conjunctivitis Heart abnormalities such as heart block and myocarditis Late Infect ion Arthritis, intermittent or chronic Even Less common:Neurologic conditions such as encephalitis or confusion Nearly all Lyme disease patients can be effectively treated with an appropriate course of antibiotic therapy. In general, the sooner such therapy is begun following infection, the quicker and more complete the recovery. Antibiotics, such as doxycycline or amoxicillin taken orally for a few weeks, can speed the healing of the erythema migrans rash and usually prevent subsequent symptoms such as arthritis or neurological problems. Patients younger than 9 years or pregnant or lactating women with Lyme disease are treated with amoxicillin or penicillin because doxycycline can stain the permanent teeth developing in young children or unborn babies. Patients allergic to penicillin are given erythromycin. Lyme disease patients with neurological symptoms are usually treated with the antibiotic ceftriaxone given intravenously once a day for a month or less. Most patients experience full recovery. Lyme arthritis may be treated with oral antibiotics. Patients with severe arthritis may be treated with ceftriaxone or penicillin given intravenously. To ease these patients discomfort and further their healing, the physician might also give anti-inflammatory drugs, draw fluid from affected joints, or surgically remove the inflamed lining of the joints. Lyme arthritis resolves in most patients within a few weeks or months following antibiotic therapy, although it can take years to disappear completely in some people. Some Lyme disease patients who are untreated for several years may be cured of their arthritis with the proper antibiotic regimen. If the disease has persisted long enough, however, it may irreversibly damage the structure of the joints. Physicians prefer to treat Lyme disease patients experiencing heart symptoms with antibiotics such as ceftriaxone or penicillin given intravenously for about 2 weeks. If these symptoms persist or are severe enough, patie nts may also be treated with corticosteroids or given a temporary internal cardiac pacemaker. People with Lyme disease rarely experience long-term heart damage. Following treatment for Lyme disease, some people still have persistent fatigue and achiness. This general malaise can take months to subside, although it generally does so spontaneously without requiring additional antibiotic therapy. Researchers are currently conducting studies to assess the optimal duration of antibiotic therapy for the various manifestations of Lyme disease. Investigators are also testing newly developed antibiotics for their effectiveness in countering the Lyme disease bacterium. Unfortunately, a bout with Lyme disease is no guarantee that the illness will be pre-vented in the future. The disease can strike more than once in the same individual if he or she is reinfected with the Lyme disease bacterium. At present, the best way to avoid Lyme disease is to avoid deer ticks. Although generally only about one percent of all deer ticks are infected with the Lyme disease bacterium, in some areas more than half of them harbor the microbe. Most people with Lyme disease become infected during the summer, when immature ticks are most prevalent. Except in warm climates, few people are bitten by deer ticks during winter months. Deer ticks are most often found in wooded areas and nearby grasslands, and are especially common where the two areas merge. Because the adult ticks feed on deer, areas where deer are frequently seen are likely to harbor sizable numbers of deer ticks. To help prevent tick bites, people entering tick infested areas should walk in the center of trails to avoid picking up ticks from overhanging grass and brush. To minimize skin exposure to both ticks and insect repellents, people outdoors in tick-infested areas should wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts that fit tightly at the ankles and wrists. As a further safeguard, people should wear a hat, tuck pant legs into soc ks, and wear shoes that leave no part of the feet exposed. To make it easy to detect ticks, people should wear light-colored clothing. To repel ticks, people can spray their clothing with the insecticide permethrin, which is commonly found in lawn and garden stores. Insect repellents that contain a chemical called DEET (N,NdiethylM-toluamide) can also be applied to clothing or directly onto skin. Although highly effective, these repellents can cause some serious side effects, particularly when high concentrations are used repeatedly on the skin. Infants and children may be especially at risk for adverse reactions to DEET. Pregnant women should be especially careful to avoid ticks in Lyme disease areas because the infection can be transferred to the unborn child. Such a prenatal infection can make the woman more likely to miscarry or deliver a stillborn baby. Once indoors, people should check themselves and their children for ticks, particularly in the hairy regions of the body. The immature deer ticks that are most likely to cause Lyme disease are only about the size of a poppy seed, so they are easily mistaken for a freckle or a speck of dirt. All clothing should be washed. Pets should be checked for ticks before entering the house, because they, too, can develop symptoms of Lyme disease. In addition, a pet can carry ticks into the house. These ticks could fall off without biting the animal and subsequently attach to and bite people inside the house. If a tick is discovered attached to the skin, it should be pulled out gently with tweezers, taking care not to squeeze the ticks body. An antiseptic should then be applied to the bite. Studies by NIH supported researchers suggest that a tick must be attached for many hours to transmit the Lyme disease bacterium, so prompt tick removal could prevent the disease. The risk of developing Lyme disease from a tick bite is small, even in heavily infested areas, and most physicians prefer not to treat patients bitten by ticks with antibiotics unless they develop symptoms of Lyme disease. Because Lyme disease is difficult to diagnose and sometimes does not respond to treatment, researchers are trying to create a vaccine that will protect people from the disorder. Vaccines work in part by prompting the body to generate antibodies. These custom shaped molecules lock onto specific proteins made by a virus or bacterium-often those proteins lodged in the microbes outer coat. Once antibodies attach to an invading microbe, other immune defenses are evoked to destroy it. Development of an effective vaccine for Lyme disease has been difficult to create for a number of reasons. Scientists need to find out how the immune system protects against the bacterium because people who have been infected once can acquire the infection again. In addition, there are several different strains of the bacterium, each with its own distinct set of proteins, and bacteria within an individual strain may change the shape of thei r proteins over time so that antibodies can no longer identify and lock onto them. Tick Eradication. In the meantime, researchers are trying to develop an effective strategy for ridding areas of deer ticks. Studies show that a single fall spraying of pesticide in wooded areas can substantially reduce the number of adult deer ticks residing there for as long as a year. Spraying on a large scale, however, may not be economically feasible and may prompt environmental or health concerns. Scientists are also pursuing biological control of deer ticks by introducing tiny stingerless wasps, which feed on immature ticks, into tick-infested areas. Researchers are currently assessing the effectiveness of this technique. Successful control of deer ticks will probably depend on a combination of tactics. More studies are needed before wide-scale tick control strategies can be implemented. Tips for Personal ProtectionAvoid tick-infested areas, especially in May, June, and July.*Wear light-colored clothing so that ticks can be easily spotted. Wear long-sleeved shirts and closed shoes and socks. Tuck pant legs into socks or boots and tuck shirt into pants. Apply insect repellent containing permethrin to pants, socks, and shoes, and compounds containing DEET on exposed skin. Do not overuse these products. Walk in the center of trails to avoid overgrown grass and brush. After being outdoors in a tick-infested area, remove, wash, and dry clothing. Inspect the body thoroughly and remove carefully any attached ticks. Check pets for ticks. How to Remove a TickTug gently but firmly with blunt tweezers near the head of the tick until it releases its hold on the skin. To lessen the chance of contact with the bacterium, try not to crush the ticks body or handle the tick with bare fingers. Swab the bite area thoroughly with an antiseptic to prevent bacterial infection. Although Lyme disease poses many challenges, they are challenges the medical research community is well equipped to meet . New information on Lyme disease is